Biochemistry

Are you looking for the nursing notes of biochemistry of generic BS nursing 1^st semester?

Then you are at right place. Here you will find all the Notes and slides of the biochemistry which is being taught in the 1^st semester of Generic BS Nursing.

 

Course Description:

This course is of 3 Credit Hours. It aims to give the health professional an awareness of the major organic compounds found in living things—proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids—as well as their metabolic roles. The chemistry of bioenergetics, metabolism, biosynthesis, and molecular biology are also introduced in this course.

 

Overview of Biochemistry

At the end of the course you will be able to:

• Describe the basics of organic chemistry with emphasis on the biomolecules and reactions encountered in biochemistry of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes and hormones.
• Perform experiment to study the chemical & physical properties of biomolecules.
• Relate the basic knowledge of biochemistry for better understanding of the physiological functions of the human body.

 

Teaching/Learning Strategies:

This course can be taught in a various of methods. Some of which are; Lectures, Class discussions, role play, presentations laboratory demonstration, experiments, written assignments, problem solving activities, self-study, pair and group work.

 

Course Expectations:

In order to successfully meet the objectives of this course you will do the following:

• Attend all classes, and laboratory sessions as per policy
• Pre-reading for each class
• Complete all assignments, and examinations on due dates
• Participate actively in classes and in laboratory sessions.
• Satisfactory completion of laboratory work.

 

Evaluation Criteria:   

According to the new evaluation criteria, 30% marks will be internal and 70% will be of KMU or other university.

• Test # 1           =          15%
• Test # 2           =          15%
• Lab Performance        =          20%
• Lab Project     =          20 %
• Final Exam     =          30%

 

 

Units Summary of Biochemistry:

Unit No	Topic
1.	Basic concepts of Chemistry
2.	Basic concepts of Organic Chemistry
3.	Metabolism and Adeno-Tri-Phosphatase (ATP)
4.	Chemistry of Carbohydrates
5.	Chemistry of Lipids
6.	Chemistry of Proteins
7.	Nucleic Acid & Nucleotide
8.	Enzymology
9.	Bio-energetics and Metabolism
10.	Metabolism of Carbohydrates
11.	Metabolism of Protein
12.	Metabolism of Fat
13.	Hormones (Communication among cells & tissues)

 

 

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Unit I:        Basic concepts of Chemistry (Download)

Discuss the importance of chemistry in nursing. Also review the concepts that would help in better understanding of the following units.

After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Review the basic concepts of matter and elements mixture, compounds, chemical reactions, equations & bonding.
• Discuss Acid base and redox reactions.

 

Unit 2:       Basic concepts of Organic Chemistry (Download)

Explain how organic chemistry is important in daily life & in nursing practice.

After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Recognize the importance of organic compounds.
• Compare properties of organic and inorganic compounds.
• Describe the classification of organic compounds.
• Differentiate the type of hydrocarbons.

o   Saturated

o   Unsaturated

• Describe the molecular composition of:

o   Carbohydrates

o   Fats

o   Proteins

o   Nucleic acid

• List the functional groups that is alcohol, ethers aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, amines, amino acids, and amides.
• Write equations for the formations of alkene, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, amines and amides.
• Discuss the biologic importance of various aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, amines, amides.
• Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
• Explain the structure of amino acid.
• Discuss isomerism with at least two examples.

 

 

Unit 3:       Metabolism:

At the end of this unit you will be able to:

• Define metabolism, anabolism, catabolism
• Define Andensoin Triphosphalic (ATP) and discuss its relationship with catabolism and anabolism.
• Define the       following        terms,  gluconeogenesis,            glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, transamination, deamination & ketosis.
• Briefly discuss the following metabolic pathways for carbohydrate, protein & fats in terms of Glycolysis. Kreb cycle & electron transport chain.

 

Unit 4:       Chemistry of Carbohydrates (Download)

Describe the structure, properties & functions of Carbohydrates After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Define carbohydrates.
• Describe the general structure of carbohydrates.
• Explain the classification of carbohydrate.
• Compare the three major classes of carbohydrates that is mono saccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.
• Discuss the biological significance of carbohydrates.

 

 

Unit 5:       Chemistry of Lipids (Download)

Describe the functions & structure of lipids

After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Describes the structure and general properties of lipids and fatty acids.
• Discuss the classification of lipids that is simple, compound & derived lipids.
• Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats
• Distinguish between soap and detergents.
• Briefly explain the role of phospholipids in cell membranes.
• Role of steroids (cholesterol)

 

Unit 6:       Chemistry of Proteins (Download)

Describe the structure, functions & properties of proteins. After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Discuss the general structure of amino acids.
• Discuss the following

o   Essential and non-essential amino acid.

o   Polar and non-polar amino acid

o   Zwitter ion

• Describe classification of proteins according to solubility, composition, function and shape.
• Explain the significance of protein denaturation.
• Discuss the structure of dipeptides and tripeptides.
• Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of protein.

 

 

Unit 7:       Nucleic Acid & Nucleotide (Download)

In this unit you will study about nucleotide, DNA & RNA that represent the fundamental molecule of life.

At the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Describe the main structural features of nucleotide.
• Explain the structure of RNA & DNA.
• State the main differences between DNA & RNA.
• Discuss the biological importance of nucleotides.

 

 

Unit 8:       Enzymology (Download)

Explains the importance of enzymes, their mode of actions and properties to human physiology.

After the completion of this unit you will be able:

Discuss the importance of enzymes.

• Explain the mode of enzyme activity.
• Distinguish between apoenzymes, coenzymes & co factors.
• Distinguish between activators and inhibitors
• Understand inhibition of enzyme activity in

o   Competitive inhibitors

o   Noncompetitive inhibitors

o   Uncompetitive inhibition.

• Describe with the classification of enzymes
• Discuss the clinical significance of enzymes
• Explain the factors affecting the enzyme activity.

 

 

Unit 9:       Bio-energetic and Metabolism (Download)

At the end of this, you will be able to:

• Define Bioenergetics
• Briefly discuss the concept of free energy
• Explain the role of ATP in Linking Catabolism and anabolism
• Discuss the biological oxidation and reduction reaction
• Describe electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

 

 

Unit 10:     Metabolism of Carbohydrates (Download)

Explains the metabolism of CHO

After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Discuss the importance of glucose in blood and its dependency by various
• Discuss the glycogensis and glycogenolysis
• Describe the role of oxidative glucose catabolism in the citric acid cycle.
• Describe the role of gluconeogenesis
• Discuss the overall scheme of carbohydrate metabolism

 

 

Unit 11:     Metabolism of Fats (Download)

Explains the metabolism of lipids & fats.

After the completion of this unit, you will be able to:

• Describe the mechanism of fatty acid oxidation
• Discuss the amount of energy produced during the oxidation of a fat.
• Explain the significance of the role of ketone bodies.

 

 

Unit 12:     Metabolism of Protein (Download)

Explain the metabolism of Proteins

After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Review the digestion and absorption of protein.
• Explain the significance of nitrogen balance
• Describe the synthesis of protein
• Discuss the transamination, deamination and decaboxylation.
• Discuss the formation of urea and ammonia disposal

 

 

Unit 13:     Hormones (Communication among cells & tissue) (Download)

After the completion of this unit you will be able to:

• Describes the classification of hormone.
• Discuss the mode function of steroid & peptides hormones.
• To become familiar with the cardiac, pineal and gastrointestinal hormones.

 

 

Topics to be Covered in Laboratory

1.         Review Lab

2.         Properties of Organic compounds

3.         Cell TBD (Total Body Density)

4.         Carbohydrates

5.         Lipids

6.         Proteins

7.         Metabolism

8.         Enzyme kinetics

9.         Lab evaluation

 

 

References:

1.         Jacob A. (2004). Biochemistry for Nurses, 2nd ed. New-Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.

2.         Chatterjea MN. (2004) Textbook of Biochemistry for dental /nursing / pharmacy you 2nd ed, New Delhi : jaypee.

3.         Sackhiem, G. I. (1994).In Chemistry for the health science, 7th ed , New York: Macmillan.

4.         Tortora, F. J., & Anagnostakos, N.P. (2000). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, New York: Harper & Row.

5.         Lehninger N. I (1997) Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed, New York: Worth.